tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-53780578262176297552024-03-13T06:39:16.425+01:00TRAIANUSBienvenidos al blog de Alfonso López Beltrán sobre la Romanización y el Ejercito Romano en Hispania y en la provincia de Guadalajara.
Aqui se podrá encontrar información variada sobre armas, batallas,campamentos,sociedad,numismática y muchas cosas más.Un saludo a todos y Bienvenidos !!!Alfonso López Beltránhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18007925292837772910noreply@blogger.comBlogger28125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5378057826217629755.post-14113751325410007712018-11-04T18:59:00.001+01:002018-11-04T18:59:15.618+01:00Yacimiento romano de Ercavica - Roman site of Ercavica <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Alfonso López Beltránhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18007925292837772910noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5378057826217629755.post-65421110174926775952017-05-17T18:37:00.001+02:002017-05-18T21:00:03.090+02:00Mi coleccion de monedas romanas - My collection of Roman coins <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinY_zyAaAJERd5OS87zgf9uGlXNsVjNJ7y-tPJGwAOcr5hMfajNJDScnoEDyOzcVJHRqh-rOQmdz9eN7lr97Cbu6MZajL53Lx7xrFcCCZ21VfO4eF2WlAFl2OW-vArg8RfDANlNrtANIoe/s1600/GRACIANO.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinY_zyAaAJERd5OS87zgf9uGlXNsVjNJ7y-tPJGwAOcr5hMfajNJDScnoEDyOzcVJHRqh-rOQmdz9eN7lr97Cbu6MZajL53Lx7xrFcCCZ21VfO4eF2WlAFl2OW-vArg8RfDANlNrtANIoe/s400/GRACIANO.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
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Hacer click en los enlaces de abajo para acceder a información sobre monedas romanas de mi colección .<br />
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<em>Click on the links below to get access to information of Roman coins of my collection</em><br />
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<a href="http://alfonso-traianus.blogspot.com.es/2011/07/los-cinco-emperadores-buenos-five-good.html"><span style="font-size: large;">Los cinco emperadores buenos - The five good emperors </span></a><br />
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<a href="http://alfonso-traianus.blogspot.com.es/2012/05/cuadrante-del-emperador-claudio.html"><span style="font-size: large;">Cuadrante Claudio - Claudius quadrans</span></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"> </span><a href="http://alfonso-traianus.blogspot.com.es/2011/06/el-itinerario-antonino-y-guadalajara.html"><span style="font-size: large;">Itinerario Antonino denari</span></a><br />
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<a href="http://alfonso-traianus.blogspot.com.es/2012/04/magno-maximo-el-hispano-usurpador.html"><span style="font-size: large;">Máximo el hispano usurpador</span></a><br />
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<a href="http://alfonso-traianus.blogspot.com.es/2011/06/caracalla-y-geta-cain-y-abel-caracalla.html"><span style="font-size: large;">Caracalla y Geta ,Cain y Abel</span></a><br />
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<a href="http://alfonso-traianus.blogspot.com.es/p/peinados-de-las-emperatrices-romanas-en.html"><span style="font-size: large;">Peinados y monedas romanas</span></a></div>
Alfonso López Beltránhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18007925292837772910noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5378057826217629755.post-18828242798754229862013-12-24T15:46:00.001+01:002013-12-24T19:28:07.329+01:00Falcata contra Gladio - Falcata vs Gladium<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Carabias es un pequeño pueblo de la provincia de Guadalajara con una de las iglesias románicas más interesantes de toda Castilla.<br />
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OsIg9XMD4bQ/UrmFu46Bm-I/AAAAAAAAEiM/cDYE1kNpXEE/s1600/galerias19carabias.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="131" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OsIg9XMD4bQ/UrmFu46Bm-I/AAAAAAAAEiM/cDYE1kNpXEE/s200/galerias19carabias.jpg" width="200" /></a>A principios del pasado siglo el Marqués de Cerralbo encontró en Carabias una necrópolis ibérica del siglo IV antes de Cristo, esta necrópolis ha desaparecido hoy , ya que las gentes del campo iban amontonando las piedras a medida que se las encontraban cada vez que araban la tierra.Se encontraron varias tumbas ,el hallazgo más interesante fue una falcata ibérica que se encuentra en el Museo Arqueológico Nacional.<br />
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La falcata fué una de las armas más temibles de la antigüedad y su oponente fue el gladio romano, un arma más ligera que permitía mantener una mayor distancia con el adversario al ser un poco más larga , a continuación se puede ver una comparativa entre ambas espadas .<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-aN-SZmyRe8g/UrmCAGOtUqI/AAAAAAAAEho/arLVbydVYBI/s1600/FALCATA.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-aN-SZmyRe8g/UrmCAGOtUqI/AAAAAAAAEho/arLVbydVYBI/s400/FALCATA.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Falcata ibérica de la necrópolis del Tesoro en Carabias<br />
<i>Iberian falcata from the Necropolis El Tesoro in Carabias </i></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td></tr>
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<i>Carabias is a small village in the province of Guadalajara ,it has one of the most interesting churches of Romanesque style in the entire Castile.</i><br />
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<i>At the beginning of the last century Marquis of Cerralbo found in Carabias an Iberian necropolis from the IV century b.c., this necropolis has disappeared since the peasants were piling up the stones they found when ploughing the land .Several tombs were found , the most interesting finding was an Iberian falcata which is kept at the National Museum of Archaeology .</i><br />
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<i>The falcata was one of the most terrifying weapons of the ancient world and its opponent was the Roman gladium a lighter weapon which allowed to have a bigger distance with the adversary as it was a bit longer, herebelow you can find a comparison between both swords</i><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Falcata</b></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgO65ggbk1CSfA7MC-JnV_B2Abe-nfdCc3t0zBtG4N68yp-4N2We3_VMIGddV3EgPWvD-QGPLJDtrjZTNLPqDn3OBkgeFmYZ5Z2xOK7xwAAjkKhCfvKVoDSbcsp15CIZxSmEF4BISBOtCiy/s1600/falcata.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="217" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgO65ggbk1CSfA7MC-JnV_B2Abe-nfdCc3t0zBtG4N68yp-4N2We3_VMIGddV3EgPWvD-QGPLJDtrjZTNLPqDn3OBkgeFmYZ5Z2xOK7xwAAjkKhCfvKVoDSbcsp15CIZxSmEF4BISBOtCiy/s320/falcata.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<li>Espada ibérica corta entre 42 y 55 cm forjada en caliente con 3 láminas de hierro , a las que se habían sometido a un proceso de oxidación para eliminar las impurezas .La hoja central se prolongaba sobre las otras para crear el mando que terminaba en una cabeza de caballo o águila </li>
<li>Tenía un solo filo y unas acanaladuras a los lados que introducían aire en las heridas para causar un gran daño.</li>
<li>La estructura de la funda era también de hierro y se cubría con cuero o madera</li>
<li>La espada de un guerrero era considerada divina y normalmente se inutilizaba cuando éste moría </li>
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<li><i>Iberian s</i><i>hort sword between 42 and 55 cms hot forged with three iron blades which had been gone thru an oxidation process so as to eliminate impurities.The central blade was prolonged over the others to hold the handle made with wood or bone,it had at the end a head of a horse or hawk.</i></li>
<li><i>It had one cutting edge and some grooves on both sides so as to introduce air in the wounds to create great damage .</i></li>
<li><i>The frame of the cover was made in iron covered with wood or leather.</i></li>
<li><i>The sword was considered sacred and it was destroyed when he died or was killed.</i></li>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Gladium</b></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRtAFG8lQd-UjGwcb1AUNQXPCSvWQKB30XpGSnDmeSv7I3e0W8TVezBw4PTp-PER8GDfFyYy2rYzzzn37YLQnuw71krRCOxga8UC6Im49B5LzX6kZuq5a-RItS3NeJTvusfRSTWooG4wD9/s1600/Gladius_in_hand.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRtAFG8lQd-UjGwcb1AUNQXPCSvWQKB30XpGSnDmeSv7I3e0W8TVezBw4PTp-PER8GDfFyYy2rYzzzn37YLQnuw71krRCOxga8UC6Im49B5LzX6kZuq5a-RItS3NeJTvusfRSTWooG4wD9/s320/Gladius_in_hand.jpg" width="145" /></a></div>
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<li>Espada romana de hasta 60 y 70 cm.</li>
<li>Tenía dos filos y estaba diseñada para perforar.</li>
<li>Era una espada más ligera </li>
<li>Tenía un pomo en el mango para equilibrar el peso de la hoja </li>
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<li><i>Roman sword sword up to 60 to 70 cm</i></li>
<li><i>It had two cutting edges and was designed to penetrate</i></li>
<li><i>It was a lighter sword</i></li>
<li><i>It had a knob at the handle to balance the weight of the blade</i></li>
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Alfonso López Beltránhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18007925292837772910noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5378057826217629755.post-81026512472407151102013-09-22T10:45:00.001+02:002013-09-22T11:28:36.960+02:00La Casa de Hyppolytus de Alcalá de Henares-The House of Hyppolytus in Alcalá de Henares<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-fB81s6_dPIM/Uj3T1xWNd0I/AAAAAAAAEZ8/ClyJzHmiqco/s1600/IMGP9046.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-fB81s6_dPIM/Uj3T1xWNd0I/AAAAAAAAEZ8/ClyJzHmiqco/s400/IMGP9046.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Vista general del yacimeinto<br />
General view of the site</td></tr>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Mcz4L0KEGQw/Uj3TbO43dtI/AAAAAAAAEZc/7lCYdCHROR4/s1600/IMGP9047.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Mcz4L0KEGQw/Uj3TbO43dtI/AAAAAAAAEZc/7lCYdCHROR4/s200/IMGP9047.JPG" width="200" /></a>En el siglo I de nuestra era , una poderosa e influyente familia de Complutum ,Los Anios , patrocina la construcción de un colegio privado para hijos de familias acomodadas;en este colegio ,collegium iuvemum, los jóvenes de familias pudientes se formaban para algún día poder acceder a cargos políticos importantes en la ciudad (ediles, magistrados,etc ).<br />
El nombre de la Casa de Hyppolytus proviene de un artista que realizó un mosaico de gran belleza que veremos después , en este mosaico aparece un texto en latín con su nombre .<br />
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<i>On the 1st century of our era ,a powerful and influential family of Complutum, The Anios , sponsors the construction of a private school for the children of rich families; in this school, collegium iuvenum ,the young children of powerful families were educated to become leaders in the city (magistrates, councilmen,etc).</i><br />
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<i>The name of the House of Hyppolytus comes from the artist of a great-beauty mosaic that we will see later on, on this mosaic there is a text in Latin with its name .</i><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-45d80VKVaV0/Uj3TrWzCLgI/AAAAAAAAEZ0/8Ap9a9ARVtU/s1600/IMGP9056.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="105" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-45d80VKVaV0/Uj3TrWzCLgI/AAAAAAAAEZ0/8Ap9a9ARVtU/s400/IMGP9056.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">ANNIORUM HYPPOLYTUS TESSELLAVIT<br />
Hyppolitus lo hizo para los Annios<br />
<i>Hyppolytus made it for the Annios</i><br />
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Este colegio de jóvenes se encontraba a las afueras de la ciudad pero muy cerca del foro romano, en este colegio los alumnos recibían las enseñanzas clásicas como griego, historia, dialéctica ,oratoria ,latín,en definitiva se les daba una educación para que en el futuro ocuparan cargos públicos importantes.Las clases eran impartidas por maestros griegos que gozaban de una gran reputación.<br />
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<i>This school of young people was located outside the city but very close to the Roman forum, at this school the pupils got taught about the classic teaching such as , Greek, History, Dialectics, Oratory,Latin ,basically they received an education so as to occupy important public positions in future.The classes were taught by Greek teachers who had a great reputation.</i><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-zyv2MKXYZrg/Uj3ZGJy5ElI/AAAAAAAAEa4/GJDS-lhAl_o/s1600/IMGP9045.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="227" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-zyv2MKXYZrg/Uj3ZGJy5ElI/AAAAAAAAEa4/GJDS-lhAl_o/s400/IMGP9045.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Recreación de la Complutum imperial y el colegio situado a las afueras de la ciudad<br />
<i>Recreation of the Imperial Complutum and the school outside the city</i></td></tr>
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El mosaico del patio central es un pieza de gran valor ,por un lado podemos apreciar unos muchachos , en alusión a los alumnos del colegio, que están pescando con unas redes , por otro lado ,podemos observar la rica fauna marina del Mediterráneo, como pulpos, doradas, lubinas, langostas , langostinos e incluso la temible morena .Hyppolitus vino del norte de África expresamente para realizar este mosaico por encargo de la familia Ania.<br />
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<i>The mosaic of the central yard is a piece of great value , on one hand we can see some kids ,an allusion to the pupils of the school, fishing with some nets , on the other hand, we can see the rich Mediterranean marine fauna , such as octopuses, doradas,basses,lobsters, prawns and also the frightening morey.Hyppolitus came on purpose from Northern Africa to make this mosaic for the Ania family.</i><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-be3R39mm7Y4/Uj3TdcOEk7I/AAAAAAAAEZs/Cd2_5iempRE/s1600/IMGP9057.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-be3R39mm7Y4/Uj3TdcOEk7I/AAAAAAAAEZs/Cd2_5iempRE/s400/IMGP9057.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">El Mosaico de Hyppolytus<br />
<i>Hyppolytus' mosaic </i></td></tr>
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Este colegio tenía varias estancias ,destacan la zonas de baños con la piscina de agua fría trilobulada ,la zona de agua templada y caliente y las letrinas .<br />
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<i>This school had several rooms ,especially remarkable is the area of baths with the three-lobe cold water pool, the areas of warm and hot waters and the latrines.</i><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xV7qywDqLxg/Uj3TbNueqmI/AAAAAAAAEZY/LpMmojUB63E/s1600/IMGP9048.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xV7qywDqLxg/Uj3TbNueqmI/AAAAAAAAEZY/LpMmojUB63E/s400/IMGP9048.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Piscina trilobulada de agua fría<br />
<i>Tri-lobe cold water pool </i></td></tr>
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Uno de los elementos más importantes eran la exedras, una especie de bancos semicirculares en el jardín donde se impartían clases o se celebraban comidas comunales, cabían alrededor de 80 alumnos, por los restos que se han encontrado, el jardín tenía una profusa vegetación ,jazmines, tilos, olmos ,palmas e incluso cedros del Líbano.<br />
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<i>One of the most important elements were the exedras, a kind of semicircular benches in the garden where communal meals or classes took place, there was room for 80 pupils , by the remains found the garden had an exhuberant vegatation, jazmins, lime trees,elm trees,palm trees and also cedars from Lebanon.</i><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-9IaFimQsVqM/Uj3UC2jgrRI/AAAAAAAAEaE/uvu-wsRGIEc/s1600/csahypolitys.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="238" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-9IaFimQsVqM/Uj3UC2jgrRI/AAAAAAAAEaE/uvu-wsRGIEc/s400/csahypolitys.bmp" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">El jardín con la exedras<br />
<i>The grarden with the exedras </i></td></tr>
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A nivel arquitectónico destaca una técnica de aislamiento basada en piezas de barro en forma de medias botellas huecas que se ensamblaban entre si.<br />
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<i>At the architectural level stands out an insulation technique based on clay pieces with the shape of empty bottles which were assembled together.</i><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-GONkUixieRw/Uj3cVFk4G6I/AAAAAAAAEbQ/oXxiQ0TO8eQ/s1600/IMGP9059.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-GONkUixieRw/Uj3cVFk4G6I/AAAAAAAAEbQ/oXxiQ0TO8eQ/s400/IMGP9059.JPG" width="300" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Bóveda con tubos de arcilla<br />
<i>Dome of clay tubes</i></td></tr>
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Una de la estancias más curiosas son las letrinas ,tenían pavimento de mosaico y un canal perimetral por donde se eliminaban las aguas fecales .<br />
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<i>One of the most curious rooms is the latrine, it had a mosaic floor and a perimetral canal to dispose the fecal waters.</i><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Las letrinas<br />
<i>The latrines</i></td></tr>
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No lejos de la casa de Hippolitus podemos ver las ruinas de la antigua ciudad de Cumplutum ,donde todavía pueden verse las plantas varias casa patricias, las termas , la curia ,la plaza del foro y el mercado.Merece la pena visitar las ruinas , en una de las casas nobles se encontró un mosaico del siglo IV que hace alusión al mito del adulterio entre Júpiter y Leda ,podemos leer claramente en el mosaico "ADULTERIUM IOVIS LEDA ".El mosaico se encuentra en el museo regional de Alcalá de Henares.<br />
Júpiter aparece como un cisne ya que ,según cuenta la mitología griega aprovechó para transformase en esa ave cuando Leda se disponía a tomar el baño.<br />
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<i>Not far from the House of Hyppolytus we can see the ruins of the old imperial city of Cumplutum where we can still see today the floor of several Patrician houses, the thermae ,the Curia ,the Forum and the Market.It's worh while to visit the ruins, in one of the noble houses a mosaic from the 4th century was found ,this mosaic makes an allusion to the myth of the adultery between Jupiter and Leda , we can clearly read on the mosiac in Latin "ADULTERIUM IOVIS LEDA ".The mosaic is kept at the regional museum of Alcalá de Henares .</i><br />
<i>Jupiter appears under the shape of a swam ,as the Greek mytholgy says , Jupiter transformed himself into that bird when Leda was going to take the bath.</i><br />
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Alfonso López Beltránhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18007925292837772910noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5378057826217629755.post-72208475590689853352013-08-01T13:47:00.000+02:002013-08-04T11:37:04.955+02:00La necrópolis romana de Yunquera de Henares-The Roman necropolis of Yunquera de Henares<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Yunquera de Henares , Iuncaria (tierra de juncos) ,se encuentra muy cerca del antiguo trazado de la vía romana que unía Cesaragusta con Emérita Augusta.<br />
Hace aproximadamente cinco años que se encontró una necrópolis romana con unas 70 sepulturas , en estas tumbas se han hallado varios objetos que nos ayudan a conocer en que época se utilizaron.Han aparecido monedas de la Época de Marco Aurelio ,siglo II , y también monedas del siglo IV.Eran las monedas que se depositaban en la boca del difunto para pagar la barca de Caronte que les llevaba al Más Allá.<br />
Las tumbas reflejan el estatus económico de las familias ya que aparecen tumbas muy elaboradas con sillares de piedra muy regulares y otras, en cambio, son simples enterramientos muy sencillos.<br />
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En el siguiente enlace se puede descargar el estudio realizado por los arqueólogos <b> Jorge Morín de Pablos ,Ernesto Agustí </b>y<b> Pablo Guerra García</b> .En este documento hay información muy interesante sobre los objetos hallados y la datación histórica del yacimiento.<br />
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<i>Tomb with regular stones</i></td></tr>
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<i>Simple tomb</i></td></tr>
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<i>Yunquera de Henares , Iuncaria (land of reeds), it is located very close to the ancient route of the Roman road that linked Cesaraugusta with Emerita Augusta .It was approximately 5 years ago that a Roman necropolis with 70 tombs was found ,several objects have been found in those tombs that help us know when they were used.Coins from the times of Macus Aurelius (2nd century a.c.) and also some from the 4th century have been found.These were the coins that were placed inside the mounth of the dead people in order to pay Charon's passage that took them to the Great Beyond.</i><br />
<i>The tombs reflect the economical status of the families since there are very much worked tombs with regular stones and others,on the contrary,are very plain burials .</i><br />
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<i>In the following link ,the study made by the archaeologists <b>Jorge Morín de Pablos</b> ,<b>Ernesto Agustí</b> and <b>Pablo Guerra García</b> can be downloaded.In this document very interesting information can be found about the findings and the date of the site.</i><br />
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Alfonso López Beltránhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18007925292837772910noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5378057826217629755.post-52860701688287732202013-07-29T15:22:00.000+02:002013-08-19T17:57:08.681+02:00La Guerra de Sertorio en Guadalajara-Sertorius' War in Guadalajara<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
La guerra de Sertorio se inicia en el año 83 a. J.C.,Cayo Mario y Quinto Sertorio desafían al poder de Roma y la cruel dictadura de Sila .Este conflicto dura 11 años .El conflicto de desarrolla principalmente en Hispania y la provincia de Guadalajara es testigo de estos combates.<br />
En Alarilla ,en las cercanías de Tórtola y en Alcocer se han hallado proyectiles de plomo con leyendas alusivas a Sertorio.<br />
Debajo puede encontrarse un enlace con un trabajo realizado por el historiador de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid ,<b>Emilio </b><b>Gamo</b> <b>Pazos ,</b> que aporta pruebas de que Guadalajara fue testigo de enfrentamientos entre las dos facciones.<br />
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Roma no consigue derrotar a Sertorio y envía a Pompeyo al mando de 50.000 hombres y 1.500 jinetes, en un principio las tropas de Sertorio consiguen derrotar a Pompeyo gracias a la ayuda de los pueblos celtiberos y al gran conocimiento del terreno que tenían las tropas del primero.<br />
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Pompeyo incia una represión a sangre y fuego, debajo pueden verse unas fotografías de soldados partidarios de Sertorio que fueron ejecutados de forma cruel en la ciudad de Valentia (Valencia).<br />
El conflicto acaba en el año 72 con la muerte de Sertorio a manos de un grupo de traidores .<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Patidario de Sertorio atravesado por un pilum en Valentia<br />
<i>Supporter of Sertotius pierced by a pilum in Valentia </i></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Partidario de Sertorio al que cercenaron las piernas en Valentia<br />
<i>Supporter of Sertorius whose legs were hacked off in Valentia</i></td></tr>
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<em>The war of Sertorius starts in the year 83 B.C, Caius Marius and Sertorius defy the power of Rome and the cruel dictatorship of Sila.This conflicto last 11 years .The conflict takes place mainly in Hispania</em> and the province of Guadalajra is a witness of those combats.<br />
I<i>n Alarilla , near Taracena and Alcocer some lead projectile with legends alusive to Serorius have been found .</i><br />
<i>Below there is a link to a study made by the historian of the University Complutense ,<b>Emilio Gamo Pazos </b>, which gives proofs that Guadalajara was a witness of the combats between the two factions.</i><br />
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<em>Rome does not succeed in defeating Sertorius ans sends Pompeius in front of 50,000 men and 1.500 horsemen, at the beginning Sertorius troops beat Pompeius thanks to their well knowdledge of the area.</em><br />
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<em>Pompeius starts a repression by fire and sword,below there are some images of soldiers of Sertorius that were executed in a cruel way in the city of Valentia (Valencia).</em><br />
<em>The conflict ends in the year 72 B.C. with the death of Sertorius at the hands of traitors.</em></div>
Alfonso López Beltránhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18007925292837772910noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5378057826217629755.post-46638773674591853332013-07-20T13:10:00.000+02:002013-08-01T20:20:20.517+02:00Estatuilla de Marte en el museo provincial de Guadalajara-Little statue of Mars at the Provincial Museum in Guadalajara<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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El museo provincial de Guadalajara guarda una pieza muy interesante de la época romana, es una estatuilla de bronce del dios Marte, fue un hallazgo casual que se encontró en Bujalaro muy cerca de la calzada romana que discurría por las inmediaciones y que unía Emerita Augusta con Cesaragusta.<br />
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Esta estatuilla de la que solo se conserva la cabeza con el típico yelmo encrestado,pertenecía con toda seguridad a un lararium , una pequeña capilla en las domus romanas que albergaba estas estatuillas de los dioses protectores del hogar y donde se hacían ofrendas<br />
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Emilio Gamo Pazos del Dto. de Prehistoria e Historia Antigua de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid ha hecho un estudio de la pieza que se puede ver y descargar en el siguiente enlace .<br />
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<i>The provincial museum of Guadalajara displays a very interesting piece from the Roman Era , it is a small bronze statue, it was a casual finding in Bujalaro very close to the Roman Road nearby that linked Emerita Augusta and Zaragoza</i><br />
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<i>This small statue that keeps only the head with the typical crested helmet , corresponds to a larrarium which was a little chapel in the Roman domus which kept these statues of the home protective gods and where offerings were made..</i><br />
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<i>Emilio Gamo Pazos of the History and Prehisory Department of the Complutense University in Madrid has made a brief study which can be seen and download by clicking on the link below </i><br />
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En la imagen de bajo puede apreciarse un lararium de una casa romana donde se veneraban estas estatuillas<br />
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<i>On the image below a lararrium of a typical Roman house can be seen .</i><br />
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Alfonso López Beltránhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18007925292837772910noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5378057826217629755.post-27562225036282915892013-05-14T18:19:00.001+02:002013-05-14T18:19:51.351+02:00Los mensajes de las monedas romanas (GaD 13.05.13 )<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<embed src="http://www.tvguadalajaradigital.es/wp-content/plugins/hana-flv-player/flowplayer/FlowPlayerDark.swf?config=%7Bembedded%3Atrue%2CbaseURL%3A%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww%2Etvguadalajaradigital%2Ees%2Fwp%2Dcontent%2Fplugins%2Fhana%2Dflv%2Dplayer%2Fflowplayer%27%2CcontrolBarGloss%3A%27low%27%2CcontrolBarBackgroundColor%3A%2D1%2CcontrolsOverVideo%3A%27ease%27%2CshowVolumeSlider%3Afalse%2CinitialScale%3A%27scale%27%2CsplashImageFile%3A%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww%2Etelevisionguadalajaradigital%2Ees%2Fcdn%2FGAD%2F20130513%5FGAD%5F2%2Ejpg%27%2CautoBuffering%3Afalse%2CautoRewind%3Atrue%2Cloop%3Afalse%2CautoPlay%3Afalse%2CvideoFile%3A%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww%2Etelevisionguadalajaradigital%2Ees%2Fcdn%2FGAD%2F20130513%5FGAD%5F2%2Eflv%27%7D" width="310" height="227" scale="noscale" bgcolor="111111" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowFullScreen="true" allowScriptAccess="always" allowNetworking="all" pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer"></embed>Alfonso López Beltránhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18007925292837772910noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5378057826217629755.post-90071772464413279682013-02-28T22:20:00.002+01:002013-02-28T22:40:55.586+01:00Las salinas romanas de Imón (GaD 25.02.13)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<embed src="http://www.tvguadalajaradigital.es/wp-content/plugins/hana-flv-player/flowplayer/FlowPlayerDark.swf?config=%7Bembedded%3Atrue%2CbaseURL%3A%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww%2Etvguadalajaradigital%2Ees%2Fwp%2Dcontent%2Fplugins%2Fhana%2Dflv%2Dplayer%2Fflowplayer%27%2CcontrolBarGloss%3A%27low%27%2CcontrolBarBackgroundColor%3A%2D1%2CcontrolsOverVideo%3A%27ease%27%2CshowVolumeSlider%3Afalse%2CinitialScale%3A%27scale%27%2CsplashImageFile%3A%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww%2Etelevisionguadalajaradigital%2Ees%2Fcdn%2FGAD%2F20130225%5FGAD%5F2%2Ejpg%27%2CautoBuffering%3Afalse%2CautoRewind%3Atrue%2Cloop%3Afalse%2CautoPlay%3Afalse%2CvideoFile%3A%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww%2Etelevisionguadalajaradigital%2Ees%2Fcdn%2FGAD%2F20130225%5FGAD%5F2%2Eflv%27%7D" width="310" height="227" scale="noscale" bgcolor="111111" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowFullScreen="true" allowScriptAccess="always" allowNetworking="all" pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer"></embed>Alfonso López Beltránhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18007925292837772910noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5378057826217629755.post-50876186955535788272013-01-20T15:42:00.003+01:002013-02-01T13:53:56.815+01:00Vestigios romanos en Atienza y sus alrededores-Roman remains in Atienza and sorroundings <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Las tierras de Atienza fueron ocupadas por los arevacos, pueblos que ofrecieron una fuerte resistencia a los romanos; una vez que estas tierras fueron romanizadas se construyeron vías romanas y se iniciaron asentamientos, se construyeron fuentes ,villas ,termas,etc.De está época romana se han encontrado algunos restos como los que se detallan a continuación:<br />
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<em>The lands of Atienza were occupied by the Arevacs, people that offered a great resistance against the Romans ;once this land was romanized ,they built Roman roads and settlements started with villas, fountains ,themae, and so on.From this time some remains were found like the ones mentioned below:</em><br />
<em><br /></em><strong>Miedes de Atienza</strong><br />
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En el paraje de la ermita de la Virgen fueron encontrados un vaso de vidrio para ceremonias y un amuleto en forma de falo muy bien detallado en posición eréctil con testículos y el glande descubierto.<br />
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<strong><em>Miedes de Atienza</em></strong><br />
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<em>In the place called Ermita de La Virgen a glass for ceremonies and a phallic amulet well detailed in erection with testicles and an uncovered glans were found.</em><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Vaso de vidrio romano ,museo de San Bartolomé en Atienza<br />
<em>Roman vitrium glass, San Bertolomé's museum in Atienza </em></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Amuleto fálico,museo de San Bartolomé en Atienza<br />
<em>Phallic amulet ,San Bartolomé's museum in Atienza</em><br />
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Los amuletos fálicos los portaban los niños y niñas ,no solo como deseo de una buena fecundidad en el futuro sino también para ahuyentar "el mal de ojo" o la mala suerte.<br />
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<em>The phallic amulets were worn by boys and girls alike, not only as a wish of good fertility in future but also to drive away bad luck. </em><br />
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<strong>Atienza</strong><br />
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A la salida de la iglesia de San Bartolomé por la puerta norte del atrio se encuentra una fuente romana del siglo II.Tiene sillares muy bien labrados y regulares .<br />
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<strong><em>Atienza</em></strong><br />
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<em>In the way out thru the North gate of San Bartolomé's church there is Roman fountain from the 2nd century.It has regular and well worked pieces of stones.</em><br />
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Alfonso López Beltránhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18007925292837772910noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5378057826217629755.post-36953852143217667432012-11-06T12:20:00.002+01:002012-11-06T12:20:43.564+01:00La Cupa de Alovera-Entrevista en Gad 05.11.12<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<embed src="http://www.tvguadalajaradigital.es/wp-content/plugins/hana-flv-player/flowplayer/FlowPlayerDark.swf?config=%7Bembedded%3Atrue%2CbaseURL%3A%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww%2Etvguadalajaradigital%2Ees%2Fwp%2Dcontent%2Fplugins%2Fhana%2Dflv%2Dplayer%2Fflowplayer%27%2CcontrolBarGloss%3A%27low%27%2CcontrolBarBackgroundColor%3A%2D1%2CcontrolsOverVideo%3A%27ease%27%2CshowVolumeSlider%3Afalse%2CinitialScale%3A%27scale%27%2CsplashImageFile%3A%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww%2Etelevisionguadalajaradigital%2Ees%2Fcdn%2FGAD%2F20121105%5FGAD%5F2%2Ejpg%27%2CautoBuffering%3Afalse%2CautoRewind%3Atrue%2Cloop%3Afalse%2CautoPlay%3Afalse%2CvideoFile%3A%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww%2Etelevisionguadalajaradigital%2Ees%2Fcdn%2FGAD%2F20121105%5FGAD%5F2%2Eflv%27%7D" width="310" height="227" scale="noscale" bgcolor="111111" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowFullScreen="true" allowScriptAccess="always" allowNetworking="all" pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer"></embed>Alfonso López Beltránhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18007925292837772910noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5378057826217629755.post-3975541350701973172012-07-26T09:47:00.002+02:002012-07-26T09:56:18.296+02:00La Minerva de Pelegrina<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Poca gente conoce que allá por el año 1895 apareció un bronce de la época romana de la diosa Minerva en Pelegrina , a 5 kms. de Sigüenza.<br />
Es un bronce de 65 cms de altura ; la estatua tiene un bonito drapeado y le falta la cabeza, el brazo izquierdo y parte del brazo derecho.Alrededor del cuello de Minerva pueden apreciarse las dos serpientes enroscadas que eran simbolo de sabiduría y curación.<br />
Minerva era la diosa de la Sabiduría ,las Artes , las técnicas de guerra y además era la protectora de Roma y la patrona de los artesanos.<br />
Esta estatua acabó en las manos de por aquel entonces obispo de Sigüenza , D.Antonio Ochoa quien la donó al Museo Arqueologico Nacional sito en Madrid.<br />
Esta estatua debería ser devuelta a Guadalajara y albergada en su Museo Provincial.</div>Alfonso López Beltránhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18007925292837772910noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5378057826217629755.post-61340027743882376892012-05-08T21:54:00.001+02:002012-05-09T08:42:49.781+02:00Cuadrante del emperador Claudio-Cuadrans of Emperor Claudius<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Los que tenemos cierta edad y nos gusta la historia de Roma recordamos con gran viveza la cautivadora serie de la BBC de 1976 , <strong>Yo Claudio</strong>.Esta serie ,basada en la novela de Robert Graves ,nos retrataba las intrigas de la corte imperial de Roma .Nos acordamos de Livia ,la viuda del emperador Augusto ,sus intrigas acabaron con muchos pretendientes al trono.<br />
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Esta serie estaba interpretada por el magnifico actor Derek Jacobi ,su interpretación del tartamudo y lisiado Claudio a causa de una poliomielitis infantil fue magnifica.<br />
El emperador Claudio fue el 4º emperador después de Augusto,Tiberio y el infame Caligula ,era un tecnocráta ,su hecho más destacado fue la conquista de Britania y la reforma del sistema de pesos de las diferentes monedas (Pondus Nummi Restitutum) . Su tercera mujer fue Mesalina , la más grande ninfomana de la época.<br />
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La moneda que se muestra abajo es un cuadrante , era la moneda de menos valor hecha de cobre. <br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Anverso:Mano que sostiene una balanza.Debajo PNR (Pondus Nummi Restitutum)<br />
TI CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG<br />
<em>Obverse :Hand holding scales .Below PNR (Pondus Nummi Restitutum)</em><br />
<em>TI CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG</em><br />
Reverso: PONT M TR P IMP COS DESIT en el centro SC (Senatus Consulto)<br />
<em>Reverse:PONT M TR P IMP COS DESIT in the centre SC (Senatus Consulto)</em><br />
Colección/Collection - Alfonso López </td></tr>
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<em>Those of us with a certain age and lovings of the Roman history remember vividly the captivating 1976 BBC series <strong>I, Claudius</strong>.This series was based on the novel by Robert Graves ,it showed the intrigues of the Imperial Roman Court .We remember Livia ,the vidow of Emperor Augustus, her intrigues ended up with the death of several pretenders to the throne .</em><br />
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<em>This series was characterized by the superb actor Derek Jacobi, his interpretation of the stammerer and disabled Claudius ,due to an infant pliomielithis , was splendid.</em><br />
<em>Emperor Claudius was the fourth emperor after Augustus, Tiberius and the infamous Caligula, he was a paragmatic , he is famous by the conquer of Britain and the reform of the weights of the monetary system (Pondus Nummi Restitutum) .His third wife was Messalina , the biggest nymphomaniac at the time.</em><br />
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<em>The coin shown below is a quadrans ,was the less valuable copper coin .</em></div>Alfonso López Beltránhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18007925292837772910noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5378057826217629755.post-81091510178741604562012-04-27T23:06:00.002+02:002012-07-22T22:57:30.703+02:00La cupa de Alovera (Guadalajara)- The cupa of Alovera (Guadalajara)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
En el verano de 1999 durante unas obras que se realizaban en la cimentación de la torre de la Iglesia de Alovera apareció una piedra extraña con una inscripción en latín .D.Pedro García , el párroco de Alovera, sospechó que podría tratarse de un vestigio de la época romana.Esta piedra que resultó ser un monumento funerario del siglo I ó II d. JC , fue cedida posterioremente al ayuntamiento donde se custodia en la sala de juntas.Ana Isabel López , licenciada en Historia y archivera del ayuntamiento la enseña amablemente a todo aquel interesado en ver esta pieza tan singular.<br />
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<em>In the summer of 1999 while some works were being performed in the foundations of the tower of the church in Alovera a stone with an inscription in latin was found.Don Pedro García ,the vicar of Alovera ,thought it could be a remain from the Roman times. This stone, that turned to be a funerary monument from the 1st or 2nd century after Christ, was handed over to the Town Hall where it is kept now in the boardroom. Ana Isabel López ,graduated in History and the archivist of the town hall kindly shows it to anyone interested in seeing such a peculiar stone.</em><br />
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Una cupa es un monumento funerario erigido para recordar al difunto que estaba enterrado debajo ,estos monumentos se encontraban normalmente a la vera de los caminos fuera de las villas y ciudades romanas como exigía la ley .La palabra cupa procede del latín capere (caber) ya que el monumento recuerda a un barril.</div>
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Las dimensiones de esta cupa son 57 cms de alto por 40 cms de ancho y 80 cms de fondo.Por la parte superior tiene un agujero por el que se introducía un <u>focus</u> de bronce para realizar sacrificios . Los historiadores <strong>Juan Manuel Abascal Palazón</strong> and <strong>Armin Stylow</strong> de la Universidad de Alcalá de Henares han estudiado la inscripción de esta cupa ,éste último propone el siguiente texto :</div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Times-Italic;"><span style="font-family: Times-Italic; font-size: large;">Pompeio</span></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times-Italic;"><span style="font-family: Times-Italic;"><span style="font-size: large;"><em>Fusco · ân(norum) · LX</em></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times-Roman;"><span style="font-family: Times-Roman;"> </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><em>Nonia</em></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><em>Mellusa</em></span></div>
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<em><span style="font-size: large;">marito f(aciendum) [c(uravit)]</span> </em><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">(Monumento a )</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Pompeio Fusco de 60 años</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Lo levantó a su marido</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Antonia Melusa</span></div>
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<em> A cupa is a funerary monument erected to remember the deceased buried below ,these monuments were normally located on the sides of the roads out of villages and towns as the Roman law demanded.The word cupa comes from the latin capere (contain) since the monument resembles a barrel.</em><br />
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<em>The dimensions of this cupa are 57cms high, 40 cms wide and 80 cms deep.On the upper part there is a hole where a <u>focus </u>was introduced to make sacrifices.</em><em>The historians Juan Manuel Abascal and Armin Stylow from the University of Alcalá de Henares have studied the inscription of this cupa , the latter proposes the following text : </em></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Times-Italic;"><span style="font-family: Times-Italic;">Pompeio</span></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times-Italic;"><span style="font-family: Times-Italic;"><em>Fusco · ân(norum) · LX</em></span></span><span style="font-family: Times-Roman;"><span style="font-family: Times-Roman;"> </span></span><br />
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<em>Nonia</em></div>
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<em>Mellusa</em></div>
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<em>marito f(aciendum) [c(uravit)] </em><br />
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<em>(Monument of )</em><em><br />Pompeio Fusco of 60 years <br />Nonia Mellusa put it up to his husband </em></div>
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El apellido Melusa es de origen liberto, posiblemente Pompeio se había casado con su esclava a quien habría liberado previamente .<br />
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<em>The surname Mellusa seems to be of liberto origin,Pompeio might married his slave after freeing her previously.</em></div>
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En la iglesia de Alovera hay una base de columna que parece de la época romana ,el aspecto de la piedra es muy parecido al de la cupa.Posiblemente proceda del peristilo de la casa de un romano rico.<br />
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<em>In the church of Alovera there is a base of a column which looks like to come from the Roman times because the limestone is very similar to the one of the cupa</em> <em>.It might come from the peristylium of a wealthy Roman's house .</em></div>
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</div>Alfonso López Beltránhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18007925292837772910noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5378057826217629755.post-29208482760853708322012-04-09T19:40:00.001+02:002012-04-09T19:50:21.808+02:00Magno Máximo ,el hispano usurpador .Magnus Maximus ,the hispanic usurper<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">La historia del imperio romano está llena de usurpadores que ambicionaron el puesto del emperador , en la mayoría de los casos ,estos usurpadores eran generales muy populares a quienes sus tropas proclamaban emperadores, esto fue un hecho común ya que el imperio atravesó por momentos en los que sus tropas, algunas estacionadas muy lejos de Roma, no recibían la paga.<br />
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Magno Maximo nació en Hispania en el seno de una familia pobre ,sin embargo llegó a ser comandante de las tropas de Graciano en Britania.En julio del año 383 d. JC ,sus soldados ,descontentos con Graciano ,le nombran emperador. Graciano ,apenas protegido por su guardia personal huyó a Italia pero nunca llegó, ya que fue asesinado por el camino ,en ese momento Máximo se proclama emperador de Britania, Las Galias, Hispania y Africa .Su ambición le ciega ,será su fín, y dirige sus tropas contra Valentianiano II ,en Italia ,Valentiniano contaba sólo con 12 años de edad y era el césar y legítimo sucesor de Graciano, Teodosio el Grande acude a su rescate y derrota a Maximo en la Batalla de Petovio, Maximo sería ejecutado poco después en Aquilea (en la actual frontera con Slovenia ).<br />
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<em>The history of the Roman Empire is full of usurpers who ambitioned the position of emperor ,in most of the cases ,these usurpers were very popular generals whom their own troops proclaimed emperors, this was a very common fact since the empire went thru periods on which the troops ,some stationed very far away from Rome, didn´t get the pay.</em><br />
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<em>Magnus Maximus was born in Hispania from a poor family, however he bacame ,commander of Gratianus troops in Britannia.In july 383 after JC,his soldiers unhappied with the emperor Gratianus proclaimed him emperor.Gratianus ,hardly protected by his personal guard fled to Italy, but he never got there since he was assassinated on the way, at that moment Magnus Maximus is proclamed emperor of the Galias, Hispania and Africa.His ambition blinds him,this will be his end,he leads his troops against Valentinian II in Italy ,Valentinian II was only 12 years old and was the caesar and legitime sucessor of Gratianus .Theodosius the Great ,the eastern Roman emperor ,came to his rescue and defeated Magnus Maximus in the battle of Pettovio, Magnus would be later on executed in Aquilea (in the current frontier with Slovenia) </em><br />
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<tr><td style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhs-6zoAuV3UcXIbXb-wAG4v29zOVBEq3OAjgqsnAbgNt4fCJENoeFynky9xnhoHbilrqzYpeKNDHIcA1ju6Qs-A_e_59gcxu_jOfQQFg8V0FUQDHJTw9_iJBOfwFKcMnVa2G93Ur1nz9AF/s1600/magnomaximo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" nda="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhs-6zoAuV3UcXIbXb-wAG4v29zOVBEq3OAjgqsnAbgNt4fCJENoeFynky9xnhoHbilrqzYpeKNDHIcA1ju6Qs-A_e_59gcxu_jOfQQFg8V0FUQDHJTw9_iJBOfwFKcMnVa2G93Ur1nz9AF/s1600/magnomaximo.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Moneda de Magnus Maximus<br />
Anverso : D N MAG MAXIMUS PF AUG <br />
Reverso: REPARATIO REIPB<br />
Mujer arrodillada suplicando a Máximo<br />
Ceca : Lion (LUGD-Lugdunum) .Colección Alfonso López <br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVBPc82yjXNwla1SJaN0LjV5BXAPW-mdKQRpnl_syGJ3lwtt1M5f7iK08j345xl3syfhxkLO_bic6pDcLAPzflZpsoed85LQpJqgFoq0wO-lRK2ldRmrYwhEVYPdVhtfIX18RjZ8ylJzns/s1600/GRACIANO.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="220" nda="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVBPc82yjXNwla1SJaN0LjV5BXAPW-mdKQRpnl_syGJ3lwtt1M5f7iK08j345xl3syfhxkLO_bic6pDcLAPzflZpsoed85LQpJqgFoq0wO-lRK2ldRmrYwhEVYPdVhtfIX18RjZ8ylJzns/s400/GRACIANO.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Moneda del emperador Graciano<br />
Anverso : D N GRATIANUS PF AUG <br />
Reverso: REPARATIO REIPB<br />
Mujer arrodillada suplicando a Graciano<br />
Ceca : Lion.Colección Alfonso López </td></tr>
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<div class="separator" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; clear: both; text-align: center;"></div></div>Alfonso López Beltránhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18007925292837772910noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5378057826217629755.post-89356227053412839242011-10-22T12:41:00.005+02:002014-11-09T11:55:18.073+01:00Lápidas romanas encontradas en Guadalajara-Roman tombstones found in Guadalajara<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Debajo pueden verse dos ejemplos muy diferentes y curiosos de lápidas romanas encontradas en la provincia de Guadalajara.Estas lápidas reflejan el poder adquisitivo de las familias que las mandaron hacer.<br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Lápida romana de La Riba de Saelices </span></b><br />
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Esta lápida debió pertenecer a una familia humilde, se encuentra bastante deteriorada, solamente es posible leer la parte que estaba enterrada en la tierra.La lápida corresponde a un varón de 19 años (es visible el nº 19 en caracteres romanos, XIX), el hombre de la persona es ilegible.Aparecen abreviaturas, algo muy común en aquella época con el objeto de economizar el lenguaje y escribir la mayor cantidad de información sobre el muerto en el menor espacio posible.La lápida tiene 78 cms de alto,36 cms de ancho y 18 cms de grosor.Se calcula que esta lápida es del siglo II ó III d. J.C.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTsdSalxIc751A1c1N2Q_z7vyiIOnhs4A-O8Q3qt5jpmZkaTKVZel7gNWkx8dS8PSO39wZ08NnSp626krgyHK_KaazlrlGuZ31kTW2RZvFd0WlJQCs5QhSsDG3BTFDjF9V7xqBH8xwV3ED/s1600/estelalariba.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTsdSalxIc751A1c1N2Q_z7vyiIOnhs4A-O8Q3qt5jpmZkaTKVZel7gNWkx8dS8PSO39wZ08NnSp626krgyHK_KaazlrlGuZ31kTW2RZvFd0WlJQCs5QhSsDG3BTFDjF9V7xqBH8xwV3ED/s400/estelalariba.JPG" height="307" rda="true" width="400" /></a></div>
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La inscripción dice :</div>
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(..T) OCI / (...) CO (L) /AV (...) / </div>
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A (nnorum) XIX H(ic) S(itus) /E(st)</div>
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S(it) T(ibi) T(erra) L(evis)</div>
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Aquí yace (nombre ilegible) de 19 años ."Que la tierra te sea ligera"</div>
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<b>SIT TIBI TERRA LEVIS</b> : es una inscripción muy común en las tumbas romanas, equivaldría a <b>RIP</b> (Requiescat In Pace )<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Lápida romana de Auñón </b></span><br />
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Esta lápida es mucho más elaborada que la anterior, posiblemente perteneció a una familia rica, la devota esposa hizo hacer la lápida con una decoración que parece ser un templo.La lápida tiene una altura de 33 cms , 27 cms de ancho y 16 cms de grosor.Esta datada hacia el siglo I y II d. J.C.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfULBQ-J3aKoBPH5_Arz1w1ujYY7302LUCRNq7vhdyI9UqczqDJg56Pf7_NbWBV9gRMZBWU0ALnrrfzwPe8tJV8AyUCGQlo5NCbUw-TR8dOglU6wloQG_eDlgQjYnSW5ZK1gm4lv3FPDC8/s1600/estelaau%25C3%25B1on.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfULBQ-J3aKoBPH5_Arz1w1ujYY7302LUCRNq7vhdyI9UqczqDJg56Pf7_NbWBV9gRMZBWU0ALnrrfzwPe8tJV8AyUCGQlo5NCbUw-TR8dOglU6wloQG_eDlgQjYnSW5ZK1gm4lv3FPDC8/s400/estelaau%25C3%25B1on.JPG" height="400" rda="true" width="345" /></a></div>
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La inscripción que también utiliza la economía de la lengua es la siguiente :</div>
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D (is). M(anibus).S(acrum) / SATURNA/FLAC(A).C(oniugi).O (ptimo) CA/LLECOME</div>
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La traducción sería "Consagrado a los dioses Manes, Saturna Flacca, a su excelente esposo Callecomas ".<br />
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Below<i> you can find two <span style="background-color: white;">very different and curious examples of Roman tombstones found in the province of Guadalajara.These tombstones reflect the economical power of the two families that had them made.</span></i><br />
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<b><i><span style="background-color: white;">Roman tombstone of La Riba de Saelices</span></i></b><br />
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<i><span style="background-color: white;">This tombstone must belong to a humble family , it is rather damaged, it is only legible the part that was buried in the soil.The tombstone corresponds to a male of 19 years of age (the number 19 can be seen in Roman characters ), the name of the person is ilegible.There are some abbreviations , very common at the time due to reasons of economy of language in order to have the most information in the smallest space .The tombstone is 78 cms tall, 36 cms wide and 18 cms thick.It is assumed that this tombstone is dated in the 2nd or 3rd century after Christ.</span></i><br />
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<i><span style="background-color: white;">The inscription says : </span></i><br />
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<i><span style="background-color: white;">Here lies (ilegible name) of 19 years " May the earth be light upon you"</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="background-color: white;">SIT TIBI TERRA LEVIS : It is a very commom inscription in the Roman tombstones , it would be equivalent to RIP (Requiescat in Pace )</span></i><br />
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<i><b><span style="background-color: white;">Roman tombstone of Auñón</span></b></i><br />
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<i><span style="background-color: white;">This tombstone is much more elaborated than the previous one, It possibly belonged to a rich family, the devoted wife had the tombsttone made with a decoration that resembles a temple.The tombstone is 33 cms tall ,27 cms wide and 16 cms thick.It is dated around the 1st and 2nd century after Christ.</span></i><br />
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<i><span style="background-color: white;">The inscription which also uses the economy of language is as follows :</span></i></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">D (is). M(anibus).S(acrum) / SATURNA/FLAC(A).C(oniugi).O (ptimo) CA/LLECOME</span></div>
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<i><span style="background-color: white;">The translation could be " Consecrated to the gods Manes, Saturna Flacca, to his excellent husband Callecomas"</span></i></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">(..T) OCI / (...) CO (L) /AV (...) / </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">A (nnorum) XIX H(ic) S(itus) /E(st)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">S(it) T(ibi) T(erra) L(evis)</span></div>
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Alfonso López Beltránhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18007925292837772910noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5378057826217629755.post-18287528948350332182011-10-17T18:37:00.008+02:002011-12-27T14:30:35.751+01:00Las ruinas romanas de la Plaza de la Encarnación en Sevilla -The Roman ruins of Incarnation Square in Seville<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJkHG_EMs62Cm-n6wqMny0v4s4px-2obUpuknUrVRJfZa-GSQfIMEM7QCBgoazn3ST5trX9rd8XRLmlaLhU7akl-qSi-4R63HuiNRcCNoe9L2mogdOCqQYATdBfqSWcsQaJDsGsXiC70i7/s1600/DSCF2558.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="225" oda="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJkHG_EMs62Cm-n6wqMny0v4s4px-2obUpuknUrVRJfZa-GSQfIMEM7QCBgoazn3ST5trX9rd8XRLmlaLhU7akl-qSi-4R63HuiNRcCNoe9L2mogdOCqQYATdBfqSWcsQaJDsGsXiC70i7/s400/DSCF2558.JPG" width="400" /></a></div><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><br />
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<div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhF-mV2mIDBT6RQI5nra0_bQ_ondayFFUD-xGJL3PXQGmcpri7uG-_v9svtj9tK05tuXeQVclsjEBwXzsDyXxHCpbRzDFOmztt_-DhRngMElHe3WDMUeKVY2XODehjLKeG7IwCtUQJFUyRq/s1600/DSCF2557.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; cssfloat: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="84" oda="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhF-mV2mIDBT6RQI5nra0_bQ_ondayFFUD-xGJL3PXQGmcpri7uG-_v9svtj9tK05tuXeQVclsjEBwXzsDyXxHCpbRzDFOmztt_-DhRngMElHe3WDMUeKVY2XODehjLKeG7IwCtUQJFUyRq/s320/DSCF2557.JPG" width="320" /></a>Durante mis vacaciones estivales he tenido la oportunidad de visitar los famosos miradores de la Plaza de la Encarnación levantados sobre unas ruinas romanas de la antigua Híspalis.</div><br />
<em>During my summer holidays I had the opportunity of visiting the famous viwepoints of Incarnation Square set up over some Roman ruins of the ancient Hispalis</em><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyHPHkY4SuVqIjcOcAfZ6_2U0i8CmBTp8c4n1Feo2FkHT4666EcnDczUf7zqt1f6vAJBSPQx9bFNfnfXRrZ8s6ul4b_LFeyV8FXM5AYq3D_0oUXk0HjHtRsahWE_IPgKZEfW9pCDoqcJpC/s1600/DSCF2561.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="cssfloat: left; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="107" oda="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyHPHkY4SuVqIjcOcAfZ6_2U0i8CmBTp8c4n1Feo2FkHT4666EcnDczUf7zqt1f6vAJBSPQx9bFNfnfXRrZ8s6ul4b_LFeyV8FXM5AYq3D_0oUXk0HjHtRsahWE_IPgKZEfW9pCDoqcJpC/s400/DSCF2561.JPG" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;">Las ruinas han sido acondicionadas dentro de un espacio denominado "Antiquarium"para que el visitante pueda apreciar los interesantes restos arqueologicos que allí se han encontrado </div><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;">Los restos romanos son de la época del emperador Tiberio ,entre ellos detacan los siguientes :</div><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><div style="clear: left; cssfloat: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><em>The ruins have been prepared inside a space known as "Antiquarium" so that the visitor can appreciate the interesting archaeologigal remains found there .</em></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><em>The Roman remains are from the times of Tiberius ,among them ,the following outstand :</em></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><strong>Fábrica de Salazones de pescado</strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><strong><em>Factory of salting fish</em></strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">En estos pilones se introducía el pescado en salmuera , se han encontrado algunos restos de espinas de pescado.El pescado se guardaba en estos tanques desde 3 semanas hasta 3 meses.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Estos tanques también se utilizaban para producir salsa de pescado a partir de visceras de determinados peces mezcladas con carne de pescado, estos elemntos se batían y postriormente se filtraba la pasta para obtener la famosa salsa Garum que se utilizaba como potenciador del sabor en la cocina romana.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><em>In these tanks, fish was covered with brine, some remains of spines have been found.Fish was kept in these tanks from 3 weeks to 3 months.</em></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><em>These tanks were also used to make fish sauce made of entrails of certain fish mixed up with fish meat, these ingredients were whipped and afterwards the paste was filtered to obtain the famous sauce Garum that was used as an enhacer of the flavour in the Roman cuisine.</em></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br />
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</div><div align="justify" class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCE0eKWMf7Z3nOgTR5yuvd7mZcL1AjJjFHC9rYDrr_VkX2QiILairTApsxg4tsTvElERMgistMCH3krfJUmWirdyCe6-lNWhA4xgae_PX-MrS20Vz1GVyw5PpT7qi4CbUQXC9DhJnkbRFV/s1600/DSCF2571.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="225" oda="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCE0eKWMf7Z3nOgTR5yuvd7mZcL1AjJjFHC9rYDrr_VkX2QiILairTApsxg4tsTvElERMgistMCH3krfJUmWirdyCe6-lNWhA4xgae_PX-MrS20Vz1GVyw5PpT7qi4CbUQXC9DhJnkbRFV/s400/DSCF2571.JPG" width="400" /></a></div><br />
<strong>La Casa de la Columna</strong><br />
<strong><em>The House of the Column</em></strong><br />
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En esta casa se ha encontrado un mosaico en buen estado<br />
<em>In this house a mosaic has been found in good state</em><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">Otros restos dentro del museo "Antiquarium" son los siguientes :</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div>La Casa de la Noria - Casa Romana - Casa de las Basas - Casa de la Ninfa - Casa de Baco -<br />
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Casa del Sigma - Hospitium de los delfines - Patio del océano con pinturas murales de 3 metros.<br />
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<em>Other remains inside the museum " Antiquarium" are the following:</em><br />
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<em>The House of the Waterwheel - Roman house - The House of Thes Basas - The House of the Nymph - The Bacus' House - The House of Sigma-The Dolphin Hospitium - The Ocean patio with wall paintings 3 meters high</em></div></div>Alfonso López Beltránhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18007925292837772910noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5378057826217629755.post-85168999317672686802011-08-04T12:00:00.004+02:002011-12-27T14:31:02.581+01:00La Higiene en el Imperio - Hygiene in the Empire<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div closure_uid_q2edju="124" closure_uid_xn6ybk="126" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><div closure_uid_73qw3p="263"><div closure_uid_eh6vup="124"><div closure_uid_mbanr9="135"><br />
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La higiene personal y pública (saneamientos ,cloacas, colectores ) era algo muy importante en el Imperio, el gran desarrollo de la ingeniería civil permitió la construcción de redes de canalización de aguas sucias y limpias.Aún hoy en dia utilizamos arquetas , colectores ,cloacas ,tuberías como hacían los romanos hace 2000 años. La Edad Media supuso una gran regresión en la higiene ,la falta de la misma favoreció las plagas que diezmaron la población en Europa en varias ocasiones como ocurrió con la Peste Negra.</div></div></div></div><div closure_uid_eh6vup="196" closure_uid_xn6ybk="126"><br />
<div closure_uid_eh6vup="197"><em closure_uid_mbanr9="137">The personal and public hygiene ( plumbing, sewers,drains ) was very important in the Empire , the great development of the civil engineering allowed the construction of networks of canalization of clean and dirty waters .Even today we use manholes ,drains ,pipes as the romans did 2000 years ago.The Middle Ages involved a regression in hygiene , the lack of the latter favored the plagues that decimated the population in Europe on many ocassions as it happened with the Black Death.</em></div></div><div closure_uid_eh6vup="174" closure_uid_xn6ybk="126"><br />
<div closure_uid_73qw3p="264"><strong>Las letrinas públicas</strong></div><div closure_uid_73qw3p="264"><br />
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</div><div class="separator" closure_uid_73qw3p="301" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRouYjmJRqeQcnNG70FGZTWnWhd-vj3j0j_fbVNjBWRRGAIi7tglYI37jqvF-Rs0BCIA-T9mEDwhqUkT83D_jy2y2A-jaFLl4Pn78ZCUvgLWfU44Curf_h4KhNUbCmZrvtHYpBFVzjSigO/s1600/letrinas.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="156" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRouYjmJRqeQcnNG70FGZTWnWhd-vj3j0j_fbVNjBWRRGAIi7tglYI37jqvF-Rs0BCIA-T9mEDwhqUkT83D_jy2y2A-jaFLl4Pn78ZCUvgLWfU44Curf_h4KhNUbCmZrvtHYpBFVzjSigO/s400/letrinas.JPG" t$="true" width="400" /></a></div><div closure_uid_73qw3p="264" closure_uid_eh6vup="186"><br />
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</div><div closure_uid_eh6vup="190">Las letrinas eran lugares donde los ciudadanos podían hacer sus necesidades, el orín era reutilizado para curtir el cuero y blanquear telas , por eso había un canal que se puede apreciar en las imagenes ,este canal llevaba el orín a un contenedor .</div><div closure_uid_eh6vup="201"><br />
<strong closure_uid_eh6vup="202"><em closure_uid_eh6vup="208">The public latrines</em></strong></div><div closure_uid_eh6vup="201"><br />
</div><div closure_uid_eh6vup="201"><em closure_uid_eh6vup="205">Latrines were places where the citizens relieved themselves ,the urine was recycled to tan the leather and whiten the cloths , for that reason there was a canal as the photos show taking the urine to a container.</em></div><div closure_uid_eh6vup="201"><br />
</div></div><div closure_uid_eh6vup="170"><strong closure_uid_eh6vup="173">Las Termas</strong></div><div closure_uid_eh6vup="170"><br />
</div><div closure_uid_eh6vup="170"><div closure_uid_mbanr9="138">Para los romanos las termas no eran sólo un lugar para la higiene personal sino también un lugar de socialización donde se podía comer, hacer deporte , escuchar música ,etc.</div></div><div closure_uid_eh6vup="170">Disponían de varias habiraciones con agua caliente, templada y fría .También había vestuarios ,gimnasio y tiendas en el exterior del edificio</div><div closure_uid_eh6vup="170"><br />
</div><div closure_uid_eh6vup="170"><strong closure_uid_eh6vup="207"><em>The Baths</em></strong></div><div closure_uid_eh6vup="170"><br />
</div><div closure_uid_eh6vup="170"><em>For the Romans the baths were not only a place for the personal hygiene but also a place of socialization where people could eat ,making sports ,listening to music and so long.</em></div><div closure_uid_eh6vup="170"><em>They had several rooms with hot,warm and cold water.There were also changing rooms, a gym and shops outside the building.</em></div></div><div closure_uid_xn6ybk="126"><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitCxM9C3eXRRvxrwHzrXSK49uAdkoFwy9y0qj1ijw4kpXCADg0bqlIlQYGzV3JUObQPRJx11Nv0Rmz2tgH8cCBL8ErXtVTOsAXYXlsMj5mTemK6WwLOW7hrsVgrRHtYYDJmMPnaQ7gixTT/s1600/piscinaterma.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitCxM9C3eXRRvxrwHzrXSK49uAdkoFwy9y0qj1ijw4kpXCADg0bqlIlQYGzV3JUObQPRJx11Nv0Rmz2tgH8cCBL8ErXtVTOsAXYXlsMj5mTemK6WwLOW7hrsVgrRHtYYDJmMPnaQ7gixTT/s640/piscinaterma.JPG" t$="true" width="449" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" closure_uid_eh6vup="209" style="text-align: center;">Piscina de las termas de Zaragoza<br />
<div closure_uid_eh6vup="210"><em>Swimming pool at the Zaragoza baths </em></div></td></tr>
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</div><div closure_uid_xn6ybk="126"><strong>El aseo personal</strong></div><div closure_uid_xn6ybk="126" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><br />
</div><div closure_uid_eh6vup="211" closure_uid_xn6ybk="126" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><div closure_uid_eh6vup="130"><div closure_uid_mbanr9="139">Los romanos no utilizaban el jabón, frotaban su cuerpo con aceite perfumado y poteriormente lo retiraban con ayuda de un instrumento llamado estrigilo, era un raspador en forma curva que arrastraba el polvo y las células muertas de la piel.Cuando los romanos acudían a las termas solian levar colgado al cuello el estrigilo y una bottelita de aceite (ver photo a la derecha).</div></div><div closure_uid_eh6vup="130"><br />
</div><div closure_uid_eh6vup="130"><em><strong closure_uid_mbanr9="140">The personal hygiene</strong></em></div><div closure_uid_eh6vup="130"><br />
</div><div closure_uid_eh6vup="130"><em closure_uid_mbanr9="141">The Romans didn't use soap, they rubbed their bodies with parfumed oil and later they took it away by means of a device called strigilo , it was a kind of bent scraper that carried away the dust and the dead cells of the skin.When the Romans went to the baths they used to take with them , hanging from the neck, the strigilo and a little bottle of oil (see photo on the right).</em></div></div><div closure_uid_xn6ybk="126" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><br />
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</div><div class="separator" closure_uid_xn6ybk="560" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSD11G-r2jUd0rrAVUIT-4Uzgu115G8zPW72zGcaRQu0KGVmoCt16FyA9_dMTGCt5UiD3dgvdOyLFvaM6oeXBQZMLZRaEvQgAdqTf6vXj3uzSdanKbA9NWJ44jtcOGTST8ZuCPRdJAJ0Os/s1600/raspador.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSD11G-r2jUd0rrAVUIT-4Uzgu115G8zPW72zGcaRQu0KGVmoCt16FyA9_dMTGCt5UiD3dgvdOyLFvaM6oeXBQZMLZRaEvQgAdqTf6vXj3uzSdanKbA9NWJ44jtcOGTST8ZuCPRdJAJ0Os/s320/raspador.JPG" t$="true" width="252" /></a><a closure_uid_xn6ybk="341" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6JYJmsKpI61q45ZK_hwoxPxcyll_pXl-3g1-e1mGTVM5mmPUoUjLhtxRoMOmNVrnB_BwJRmy18tjNRO14vXkmjHTtvoTT28864KU0eWGaFQ-3xvVgp4069tCB5gY2u71gGmckd9G5u1Mt/s1600/IMGP6095.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6JYJmsKpI61q45ZK_hwoxPxcyll_pXl-3g1-e1mGTVM5mmPUoUjLhtxRoMOmNVrnB_BwJRmy18tjNRO14vXkmjHTtvoTT28864KU0eWGaFQ-3xvVgp4069tCB5gY2u71gGmckd9G5u1Mt/s320/IMGP6095.JPG" t$="true" width="144" /></a></div><div class="separator" closure_uid_xn6ybk="560" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" closure_uid_xn6ybk="560" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" closure_uid_xn6ybk="560" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" closure_uid_xn6ybk="560" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" closure_uid_eh6vup="212" closure_uid_xn6ybk="574" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; clear: both; text-align: left;">Utilizaban toallas de algodón y esponjas marinas que traían consigo a las termas .</div><div class="separator" closure_uid_eh6vup="212" closure_uid_xn6ybk="574" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; clear: both; text-align: left;"><em>They used cotton towels and marine sponges that brought with them to the baths.</em></div><div class="separator" closure_uid_xn6ybk="574" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; clear: both; text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" closure_uid_xn6ybk="574" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; clear: both; text-align: left;"><strong>Cloacas y canalización del agua potable </strong></div><div class="separator" closure_uid_xn6ybk="574" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; clear: both; text-align: left;"><br />
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<div class="separator" closure_uid_6quibf="158" closure_uid_xn6ybk="623" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJf9mNlgpXzQc4kug9ycReR7gQvCtrqZmTNOaZonGTUf38jcORMxPnf6Q51uG7yOfyo6KTN55hYCti5aKF6yolaLzuvyBJQOIBTubzj_OoeEnD__BzIgFRvAL-Uf0wXoMri12T7wOGIi4t/s1600/tuberias.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJf9mNlgpXzQc4kug9ycReR7gQvCtrqZmTNOaZonGTUf38jcORMxPnf6Q51uG7yOfyo6KTN55hYCti5aKF6yolaLzuvyBJQOIBTubzj_OoeEnD__BzIgFRvAL-Uf0wXoMri12T7wOGIi4t/s400/tuberias.JPG" t$="true" width="336" /></a></div><div class="separator" closure_uid_xn6ybk="623" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" closure_uid_eh6vup="131" closure_uid_xn6ybk="574" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; clear: both; text-align: left;">Para la canalización del agua potable los romanos utilizaban el plomo, hoy en día nocivo para la salud, sin embargo el plomo se ha utilizado en las cañerias hasta no hace muchos años.</div><div class="separator" closure_uid_xn6ybk="574" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; clear: both; text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" closure_uid_eh6vup="132" closure_uid_mbanr9="147" closure_uid_xn6ybk="574" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; clear: both; text-align: left;">Los romanos fabricaban planchas de plomo que doblaban con la ayuda de cilindros de madera , posteriormente unían los bordes con plomo fundido, para unir las tuberías utilizaban una piezas cuadradas de plomo sobre las que vertían plomo fundido para hacer las uniones estancas.</div><div align="left" class="separator" closure_uid_eh6vup="221" closure_uid_xn6ybk="623" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" closure_uid_eh6vup="220" closure_uid_xn6ybk="623" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><strong closure_uid_eh6vup="224"><em>Sewers and canalization of drinkable water</em></strong></div><div class="separator" closure_uid_eh6vup="220" closure_uid_xn6ybk="623" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" closure_uid_eh6vup="220" closure_uid_xn6ybk="623" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><em>For the canalization of drinkable water the Romans used plumb, today it is considered to be harmful for health, however it has been used in pipes till not many years ago.</em></div><div class="separator" closure_uid_eh6vup="220" closure_uid_xn6ybk="623" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" closure_uid_eh6vup="220" closure_uid_xn6ybk="623" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><em closure_uid_mbanr9="149">The Romans made sheets of plumb that bent with the help of wooden cilinders ,later on they joined the edges with melted plumb, to join the pipes they used squared pieces to which they poured melted plumb to have the joints sealed .</em></div><div class="separator" closure_uid_xn6ybk="623" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" closure_uid_eh6vup="133" closure_uid_xn6ybk="623" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Las aguas residuales circulaban por las cloacas , en España existen algunas cloacas de gran caudal como la de Cesaraugusta (Zaragoza).</div><div class="separator" closure_uid_eh6vup="223" closure_uid_xn6ybk="623" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" closure_uid_eh6vup="223" closure_uid_mbanr9="150" closure_uid_xn6ybk="623" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><em closure_uid_mbanr9="151">The residual waters went through the sewers , in Spain there are several sewers with big flow volume as the one of Cesaraugusta (Zaragoza).</em></div><div class="separator" closure_uid_eh6vup="223" closure_uid_mbanr9="150" closure_uid_xn6ybk="623" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br />
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</div><div class="separator" closure_uid_73qw3p="124" closure_uid_eh6vup="226" closure_uid_xn6ybk="669" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Debajo puede verse una foto de la cloaca máxima de Cesaraugusta que discurría por debajo del foro, hoy en día la Plaza del Pilar .</div><div class="separator" closure_uid_73qw3p="124" closure_uid_eh6vup="226" closure_uid_xn6ybk="669" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" closure_uid_73qw3p="124" closure_uid_eh6vup="226" closure_uid_xn6ybk="669" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><em closure_uid_mbanr9="152">Below there is a photo of the great sewer of Cesaraugusta that went thorugh under the forum , today The Pilar Square .</em></div><div class="separator" closure_uid_73qw3p="124" closure_uid_eh6vup="227" closure_uid_xn6ybk="669" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br />
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</div><div class="separator" closure_uid_eh6vup="228" closure_uid_xn6ybk="669" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Dabajo se aprecia una imagen de la cloaca de Itálica .</div><div class="separator" closure_uid_eh6vup="228" closure_uid_xn6ybk="669" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><em>Below there is an image of the sewer of Itálica.</em></div><div class="separator" closure_uid_xn6ybk="669" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><em><br />
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</div></div>Alfonso López Beltránhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18007925292837772910noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5378057826217629755.post-18973505946763205592011-07-27T08:26:00.177+02:002013-12-25T15:02:56.294+01:00Los cinco emperadores buenos - The five good emperors<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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La iconografía de las películas de Holywood nos ha mostrado muchas veces a los emperadores romanos como seres depravados ,crueles y en muchos casos lunáticos .Esto es cierto en muchos casos ,sin embargo hubo cinco emperadores pertenecientes a la dinastía antonina que se caracterizaron por haber conseguido la mayor gloria y prosperidad para el Imperio Romano.Algunos de ellos como Antonino Pio ,más conocido como Marco Aurelio no eran seguidores de los sangrientos espectaculos de gladiadores aunque no los llegaron a prohibir.</div>
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Esta dinastia se caracteriza porque la sucesión no se estableció entre padres e hijos sino entre padres e hijos adoptivos excepto en el caso de Marco Aurelio a quien le sucede su hijo Cómodo, uno de los más crueles, perversos y sanguinarios emperadores de Roma y con quien, a decir de muchos, se inicia la decandencia del imperio Romano.</div>
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A continuación se detallan algunos hechos relevantes por los que fueron conocidos estos emperadores :</div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><i><span closure_uid_ai0aa2="138" closure_uid_nwhy4x="113">The iconography of the <place w:st="on">Hollywood</place> films has shown to us on many occasions the Roman emperors as depraved, cruel and many times lunatic human beings. It is true in many cases , however there were five emperors belonging to the Antonine Dinasty who achieved the most glory and prosperity for the <place w:st="on">Roman Empire</place>. Some of them like Antoninus Pius<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> ,mostly known as</span> Marcus Aurelius didn’t like<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the gladiator games even though they never banned them.</span></i></span></div>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><i><span closure_uid_ai0aa2="139">This Dynasty <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>is characterized to establish succession not between fathers and sons but between fathers and adopted sons<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>except for the case of Marcus Aurelius to whom<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>his son Commodus <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>succeeds, one of the most cruel, wicked and bloody emperors of <city w:st="on">Rome</city> and with whom, as many say, the decay of the <place w:st="on">Roman Empire</place> starts. </span></i></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><i>Herebelow some relevant data is provided about them :</i></span><br />
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<b>NERVA</b> -(96-98 AD ) Había trabajado para Nerón, Vespasiano, Tito y Domiciano,accedió al poder con 66 años fué un hombre sabio y prudente adoptó como hijo a Trajano para sucederle .</div>
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La figura de abajo corresponde a un denario de plata de Nerva acuñado en el año 96 AD .El reverso, utilizado muchas veces como propaganda en el imperio, muestra la imagen de dos manos que se chocan y que sujetan el aguila-estandarte de las legiones.Alrededor aparece la inscripción CONCORDIA EXERCITUM , con esta moneda Nerva queria enviar un mensaje a las legiones para evitar guerras civiles con la alineación de aquellas a diversos partidarios .</div>
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<i><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">NERVA</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> -(96-98 AD ).He had worked for Nero, Vespasianus, Titus and Domitianus , he acceded to power at the age of 66, he was a wise and prudent man ,he adopted Trajan as son to succeed him.</span></i><br />
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><i>The figure below corresponds to a silver denar minted in the year 96 AD.The reverse , used many times as propaganda in the Empire , shows the image of two shaking hands holding the eagle standard of the legions.</i></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><i>Around it there is the inscription CONCORDIA EXERCITUM , with this coin Nerva wanted to send a message to the legions in order to avoid the civil wars and the alignment to the various leaders</i> .</span><br />
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Reverso. CONCORDIA EXERCITVM<br />
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<span closure_uid_6c5212="235" style="font-size: xx-small;">Colección de Alfonso López</span></div>
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<b>TRAJANO</b>-(98-117 AD) Nació en Itálica (Santiponce ) , cerca de Sevilla .Durante su mandato el imperio conoció su máxima expansión.Construyó muchos edificios públicos ,muy famoso es el foro de Trajano, el mercado y la Columna Trajana.Fué un gran soldado que dirigió personalmente sus campañas militares fuera de Roma, derrotó a los Dacios en al año 106 y sometió a los Partos en el 116.Le sucedió su hijo adoptivo Adriano quien era su sobrino y que también había nacido en Itálica.</div>
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La siguiente figura muestra un denario de plata de Trajano, la moneda fue acuñada en el año112, durante el sexto consulado y muestra la alegoria de la Via Trajana , una via romana que mandó construir de 206 millas que iba de Benevento a Brindisi por el talón de la bota de Italia ,que acortaba la ruta en un día comparada con la via Apia tradicional. </div>
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<i><b><span closure_uid_3wimlg="123" closure_uid_ai0aa2="148" lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">TRAJAN</span></b><span closure_uid_ulx6ry="123" lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">-(98-117 AD).He was born in Itálica (Santiponce ), nearby Seville, Under his rule the Empire reached its maximum expansion .He built many public buildings ,very famous is the Trajan Forum , the market and the Trajan Column .He was<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a great soldier who personally commanded his military campaigns out of Rome, he defeated the Datians in 106 and the Partians in 116. He adopted his son, Hadrian to succeed him ,he was his nephew and had been also born in Italica.</span></i><br />
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Colección de Alfonso López</span></div>
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<b>ADRIANO 117-138 AD</b>.Sobrino de Trajano que nació también en Itálica ,había sido elegido por Trajano como su sucesor ,accede al poder al morir Trajano a la vuelta de su campaña contra los Partos.El hecho más importante de su mandato fue la construcción del famoso muro de Adriano, una muralla de 117 kms de larga que disponia de 14 fuertes y 80 fortines para evitar las incursiones de los belicosos Pictos y Caledonios.</div>
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La figura de abajo muestra un denario de Adriano ,la moneda fue acuñada en el año 120 AD ,en el reverso aparece Pietas con velo levantando las manos.</div>
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<i><b><span closure_uid_3wimlg="124" lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">HADRIAN 117-138 AD. </span></b><b><span closure_uid_ai0aa2="155" closure_uid_nwhy4x="188" lang="EN-GB" style="font-weight: normal; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Nephew of Trajan who had also been born in Italica ,he had been selected by Trajan as his successor .The most important fact under his rule was the construction of the famous Hadrian’s wall , a wall 117 kms long which had 14 forts and 80 bunkers to avoid the incursions of the bellicose Pictus and Caledonians .</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></b></i></div>
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<span closure_uid_ai0aa2="153" lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><i>The figure below shows a denar of Adrianus , the coin was minted in the year 120 AD, on the reverse is Pietas with veil standing up her arms </i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Colección Alfonso López</span></div>
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<b closure_uid_ai0aa2="158">ANTONINO PIO 138-161 AD.</b> Su reinado transcurrió pacificamente , estaba casado con una mujer muy hermosa e inteligente llamada Faustina (La Mayor ) ,cuando murió ésta se vistió de luto y en su recuerdo acuñó muchas monedas con la efigie de su esposa a quien convirtió en diosa.</div>
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Siguiendo la tradición de Adriano construyó un segundo muro (El Muro Antonino ) en Escocia que sería abandonado poco después para reestablecer la Última Frontera en el muro de Adriano.</div>
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<span closure_uid_ai0aa2="160" lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><i><b closure_uid_ai0aa2="161">ANTONINUS PIUS 138-161 AD.</b> His rule<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>went on pacefully ,he was married to a very pretty and intelligent woman <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>called Faustina ( The Senior ), when she died ,he dressed in mourning and to her memory he minted a lot of coins with the bust of her wife to whom he divinized.</i></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><i closure_uid_nwhy4x="191">Following Hadrian tradition he made a second wall (The Antoninus Wall) in <country-region w:st="on">Scotland</country-region> that would be abandoned later on to re-establish the Last Frontier in the <place w:st="on">Hadrian’s <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Wall</place></i></span><br />
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Sestercio acuñado tras la muerte de Faustina</div>
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Anverso : DIVA FAUSTINA</div>
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Reverso. A ETERNITAS </div>
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<b>MARCO AURELIO 161-180 AD</b>. Fue un hombre culto y equilibrado, amaba la poseia y escribió pequeñas obras en latín y griego.Durante su mandato se rebelaron las tribus germanas y partas, murió en el año 180 en la actual Viena cuando se encontraba con su hijo Cómodo (se dice que su hijo lo envenenó).Con la muertev de Marco Aurelio acaba el periodo de mayor gloria del Impero Romano que inicia su decadencia con la tiranía y perversidad de su hijo Cómodo.</div>
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<i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span closure_uid_ai0aa2="170" lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">MARCUS AURELIUS 161-180 AD.</span></b><span closure_uid_nwhy4x="194" lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">He was an equilibrated and cultivated man ,he loved poetry and he wrote some small pieces in Latin and Greek.During his rule the Partian and German tribes rebelled ,he died in the year <metricconverter productid="180 in" w:st="on">180 in</metricconverter> Viena when he was with his son Commodus (they say he poisoned him ).With the death of Marcus Aurelius ends the period of most glory of the Roman Empire which starts its decay with the tirany and perversity of his son Commodus .</span></i><br />
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Reverso: Felicitas de pie sosteniendo </div>
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caduceus (simbolo de la Paz ) y cetro </div>
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Alfonso López Beltránhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18007925292837772910noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5378057826217629755.post-66569683794595962382011-07-10T23:26:00.053+02:002013-03-29T14:39:44.608+01:00Spartacus de Stanley Kubrick rodada en Guadalajara - Spartacus by Stanley Kubrick shot in Guadalajara<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxx4py_7UK_0MM-CT-15zxKWA6NN2L29IOai-WuQuIbVDG7y99BcQaHWN0W16UflWXoJLRAvaEQEosfsp4y-PHXCv2V-rjIfE143c6IFtvbEfssp-xl0wWFcjofMi0CqzXwBjvXCEXQ_bD/s1600/espartaco1960.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; cssfloat: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" m="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxx4py_7UK_0MM-CT-15zxKWA6NN2L29IOai-WuQuIbVDG7y99BcQaHWN0W16UflWXoJLRAvaEQEosfsp4y-PHXCv2V-rjIfE143c6IFtvbEfssp-xl0wWFcjofMi0CqzXwBjvXCEXQ_bD/s320/espartaco1960.jpg" true="" width="232" /></a>Spartacus (1960) es una de las grandes películas de los últimos 50 años , ha sido fuente de inspiración de otras películas épicas como Gladiator o Braveheart.</div>
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Fué una superproducción de la Universal Pictures con un presupuesto inicial de 10 mll de dólares ,el costo final fueron 12 mll $, la película recaudó en muy pocos meses más de 60 mll $.</div>
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El personaje principal está interpretado por <b>Kirk Douglas</b> .El reparto contó con actores muy importantes en la época como Laurence Olivier, Peter Ustinov, John Garvin ,Jean Simmons , Charles Loughton y Tony Curtis.La película fué dirigida por Stanley Kubrick , uno de los más grandes directores norteamericanos que también dirigió 2001 : Odisea en el Espacio.</div>
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Varias escenas de la película relacionadas con la batalla final fueron rodadas en Iriepal y Taracena.Para la batalla final se utilizaron 8.500 soldados del ejercito español, también había extras mutilados para dar más realismo a algunas escenas donde se amputan miembros con los tajos de las espadas.</div>
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Debajo puede verse una escena donde Kirk Douglas da un tajo a un legionario romano a quien corta el brazo ,podemos ver que la victima es un extra con un brazo postizo .</div>
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La imagen de abajo corresponde a una de las escenas finales ,los esclavos rebeldes derrotados caminan hacia su destino final, la muerte ,y atraviesan <b>la plaza mayor de Iriepal</b>.</div>
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<i>Spartacus (1960) is one of the greatest films in the last 50 years , it was a source of inspiration for other epic films such as Gladiator or Braveheart.</i><br />
<i>It was a superproduction of Universal Pictures with an inicial budget of 10 mll $, the final cost reached 12 mll $, the film gathered 60 mll $ in a few months of exhibition.</i><br />
<i>The main character is interpreted by Kirk Douglas .The cast of the film had very important actors at the time such as , Laurence Olivier ,Peter Ustinov ,John Garvin ,Jean Simmons ,Charles Loughton and Tony Curtis .The film was directed by Stanley Kubrick, one of the biggest American directors who also directed ,2001 : A Space Odissey.</i><br />
<i>Several scenes of the final battle were shot in Iriepal and Tarcena (Guadalajara).For the final battle they used 8.500 soldiers of the Spanish army ,there were also mutilated extras to give more realism to some scenes where membere were amputated with the cuts of swords.</i><br />
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<i>Below it can be seen a scene where Kirk Dougklas cuts the arm of a Roman legionary, we can see that he is an extra with a false arm.</i><br />
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<i>The image below corresponds to one of the final scenes , the defeated rebel slaves walk towards their final destination, Death ,and go through the main square of Iriepal.</i></div>
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Alfonso López Beltránhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18007925292837772910noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5378057826217629755.post-89792148340824317692011-06-13T22:41:00.008+02:002012-12-22T18:34:58.249+01:00Caracalla y Geta, Cain y Abel - Caracalla and Geta , Cain and Abel<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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El emperador Septimio Severo y su esposa Julia Domna tuvieron dos hijos , Caracalla y Geta, desde muy temprano existía una rivalidad entre ellos.En el año 211 AD muere Septimio Severo y Geta asume la corregencia con su hermano Caracalla.Pronto la rivalidad <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>entre ellos se incrementa, incluso llegaron a pensar en dividir el imperio .Caracalla preparó una trampa a su hermano y le convocó para reconciliarse en el palacio imperial ,pero unos hombres escondidos en la habitación matan a Geta por orden se su hermano,su madre Julia Domna se interpone y es herida, se dice que Geta murió en los brazos de su madre.Después se inicia la represión y Caracalla manda matar a más de 20000 seguidores de Geta.<br />
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><em>Emperor Septimius Severus and his wife Julia Domna had two children, Caracalla and Geta , since early age there was a big rivalry between them .In the year 211 AD Septimius Severus dies and Geta assumes the co regency with his brother Caracalla.</em></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><em>Soon <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the rivalry between them increases ,</em></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><em>they also thought of dividing the empire .</em></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ES;"><em>Caracalla made a trap to his brother, he called him a for reconciliation at the Imperial palace but some men, hidden in the room, kill Geta following his brother’s orders , his mother, Julia Domna ,interposes and becomes injured, it is said that Geta died in his mother’s arms. After that repression starts , Caracalla ordered the death of 20,000 followers of Geta </em></span></div>
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Alfonso López Beltránhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18007925292837772910noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5378057826217629755.post-85519359697280541892011-06-03T09:52:00.003+02:002020-03-16T19:42:11.308+01:00El Itinerario Antonino y Guadalajara<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Denario de plata de Antonino Pio, Caracalla 198-217 DC<br />
Anverso : ANTONINUS PIUS AUG<br />
Reverso:PONTIF TR P XIII COS III<br />
Colección Alfonso López</td></tr>
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El llamado Itinerario Antonino o Itinerario de Antonio Augusto ,Caracalla ,es un documento de la Roma antigua que se supone redactado en el siglo III en el que aparecen recopiladas las rutas del Imperio romano. De este itinerario solo se conserva la copia procedente de la época de Diocleciano (siglo IV).</div>
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.En cada ruta se identificaban mansiones, correspondencias y millas. Por sus características e indicaciones, parece más ideado con el fin de facilitar la localización de los núcleos de población con fines recaudatorios que como ayuda al viajero. A pesar de ello, las indicaciones sobre distancias del citado itinerario han permitido localizar una gran multitud de emplazamientos desaparecidos por toda la antigua red de vías romanas, así como de algunas calzadas romanas no documentadas por otras fuentes.El Itinerario Antonino podría ser como la archiconocida "guia Campsa" que tantos españoles hemos utilizado antes de conocerse el GPS.</div>
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En este documento se señalan 372 rutas, de los cuales 34 corresponden a las Provincias de Hispania.</div>
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El Itinerario Antonino sólo comprende los caminos que constaban en el Registro de Pretor, o tal y como se diría hoy, carreteras del Estado, faltando todos los caminos vecinales de los que tenemos referencias por Plinio, Estrabón y otros escritores. Por eso el Itinerario no es una recopilación completa de las calzadas romanas aunque sí comprende algunas de las principales, identificándose las de las provincias de Hispania del nº I al nº XXXIV.<br />
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<strong>La via nº XXV (25) era una de las más importantes ,partía de Mérida (Emerita Augusta ) y llegaba hasta Zaragoza (Cesaraugusta ) ,esta vía atravesaba la provincia de Guadalajara por el valle del Henares hasta Sigüenza (70 millas romanas = aprox. 100 Kms).</strong><br />
Cada 25 millas (37 kms) los romanos establecieron las MANSIO <span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,<span style="font-size: small;">una especie de hospedería con servicio de comida, baños , cuadras, venta o alquiler de caballos y carruajes </span></span></span><i>jumentarii</i><span style="font-style: normal;"> y </span><i>carrucarrio</i><span style="font-style: normal;"> y con un pequeño destacamento militar.</span><br />
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<span style="font-style: normal;">A continuación se detallan las masio que corresponden a actuales localidades de la provincia :</span><br />
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<strong>Arriaca xxii Guadalajara, <metricconverter productid="22 millas" w:st="on">22 millas</metricconverter> </strong></div>
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<strong>Caesada xxiv Espinosa de Henares, <metricconverter productid="24 millas" w:st="on">24 millas</metricconverter> </strong></div>
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<strong>Segontia xxiv Siguenza, <metricconverter productid="24 millas" w:st="on">24 millas</metricconverter></strong></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2VeTFhR-rvNRShYrqw9prCa0l2DSoYUNEQJ1AnVwahpmfV85M57-XODNbJllGoD_idic6CSQPRIlYaAMt0xHgGXYGyr8s0iZx0N-pQ5L-SVV448KjWfzNKXkH_Cz09cvvkmWpMuGgwD2m/s1600/U3336-Centum-Cellae-1_JPG.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2VeTFhR-rvNRShYrqw9prCa0l2DSoYUNEQJ1AnVwahpmfV85M57-XODNbJllGoD_idic6CSQPRIlYaAMt0xHgGXYGyr8s0iZx0N-pQ5L-SVV448KjWfzNKXkH_Cz09cvvkmWpMuGgwD2m/s400/U3336-Centum-Cellae-1_JPG.jpg" t8="true" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Torre de una mansio romana en Belmonte ,Portugal </td></tr>
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Alfonso López Beltránhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18007925292837772910noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5378057826217629755.post-92114352332541009442011-05-24T21:57:00.003+02:002015-01-20T19:02:28.156+01:00El Emperador Galba pasó por Sigüenza (Segontia) Emperor Galba passed by Sigüenza (Segontia)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Denario de plata de Galba 68-69AD<br />
Anverso: IMP SER GALBA CAESAR AUG<br />
Reverso:SALUS GEN HUMANI<br />
Colección Alfonso López<br />
(Salus con pátera y timón sobre globo ante el altar)<br />
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Servio Sulpicio Galba estaba retirado en Hispania donde gobernaba la provincia Tarraconensis por sus méritos de proconsul en Africa.<br />
En la primavera del año 68 DC tuvo noticias de que el emperador Nerón quería asesinarlo al haber participado supuestamente en un complot contra él.Galba recluta una legión y se proclama emperador en Clunia (cerca de Burgos) ,imediatamente atraviesa la calzada que unía Clunia con Sigüenza (Segontia) para proseguir su camino hacia Tarraco.Al llegar a Roma inicia una política de austeridad económica ya que Nerón había vaciado las arcas públicas.Esta política le granjeó muchas enemistades sobre todo de la guardia pretoriana ,se había negado a darles su paga (a pesar de ser un hombre muy rico), éstos acabarían con él en el foro de Roma sólo 7 meses después de salir de Hispania.<br />
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<em>Servio Sulpicio Galba was retired in Spain where he was the governor of the Tarraconensis province after his merits of proconsul in Africa.</em><br />
<em>In the spring of the year 68 AD he learned that Emperor Nero wanted to have him killed since apparently he had participated in a complot against him.Galba recruited a legion ,he went through the road linking Clunia with Sigüenza (Segontia ) to proceed his way to Tarraco.When he arrives in Rome he starts an asuterirty economic policy since Nero had emptied the public archs.This policy caused him a lot of antagonism especially from the Pretorian Guard ,to whom he denied their pay (in spite that he was a very richman ) , these killed him at the Roman Forum only 7 months after leaving Hispania.</em></div>
Alfonso López Beltránhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18007925292837772910noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5378057826217629755.post-16212160205350240872011-03-14T21:38:00.008+01:002012-04-06T11:18:54.806+02:00Las Salinas romanas de Imón (Guadalajara)-The Salt flats of Imón (Guadalajara)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
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<div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6WpNVtTC4fzlk_61HXwdMElEerMUjoNsYqDNEUF_GErxX4le1LWZsenb79OlLI0J7OuwwuEiFl89Y53j-ikMN0prjKSSpsGoC7fBM5lwyvT3ZDMwLcOIUz0gHDdcoLFsTkslVgfW6E7BC/s1600/DSCF6279.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; cssfloat: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" q6="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6WpNVtTC4fzlk_61HXwdMElEerMUjoNsYqDNEUF_GErxX4le1LWZsenb79OlLI0J7OuwwuEiFl89Y53j-ikMN0prjKSSpsGoC7fBM5lwyvT3ZDMwLcOIUz0gHDdcoLFsTkslVgfW6E7BC/s200/DSCF6279.JPG" width="200" /></a>La sal es esencial para nuestra vida ,este hecho es conocido por la humanidad desde hace miles de años.En la antigüedad era un bien muy preciado pues servia para conservar carnes, pescados y otros alimentos.Hubo un tiempo en que a los soldados romanos se les pagaba una parte importante de sus emolumentos con sal, de ahí el origen de la palabra salario.Jesús llego a decir a sus discipulos, VOS ESTIS SAL TERRAE, vosotros sois la sal de la tierra, lo que nos indica la importancia que la sal tenía en aquella época.</div></div><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><br />
</div><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;">Hay dos fuentes principales de sal , la sal obtenida por la evaporación de lagos, mares o ríos como es el caso que nos ocupa ya que la Salinas de Imón eran alimentadas con el agua del río Salado ; la otra fuente de sal es la sal gema o sal de roca extraida de minas de un mineral llamado Halita.</div><br />
La importancia de la sal se ve reflejada en el impuesto que se gravaba por ella.En la antigüedad muchos prisioneros de guerra fueron obligados a trabajar como esclavos en las minas de sal o en las salinas, ambos trabajos penosos ,en las minas por el agotamiento físico al arrancar el mineral y en las salinas por la ceguera producida por la exposición al reflejo de la luz del sol sobre la sal.<br />
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Las Salinas de Imón han funcionado durante casi 2000 años hasta su cierre en el año 2002, la forma de extraer la sal era practicamente igual que hace 2 milenios.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2liqRNnT4tGa8QHqOLYPlTDXXCLogYUUXIhTA_G3fsGQ6hIhbmtLLp4LznaWsh20liFECb91kyijlMPmttSEUi34kGkM5Gi6x-7E_9Bq-av-n5myBbIp5oU_GEYFxi1C4tfV4vmq0L5a5/s1600/imonantigua.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="247" r6="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2liqRNnT4tGa8QHqOLYPlTDXXCLogYUUXIhTA_G3fsGQ6hIhbmtLLp4LznaWsh20liFECb91kyijlMPmttSEUi34kGkM5Gi6x-7E_9Bq-av-n5myBbIp5oU_GEYFxi1C4tfV4vmq0L5a5/s400/imonantigua.bmp" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Foto de las salinas funcionando a pleno rendimiento en los años cuarenta</td></tr>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><em>Salt is essential<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>for our lives, this<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>fact is known by Mankind since thousands of years. In the ancient world it was a precious good since it was used to preserve meat, fish and other food. There was a time on which the soldiers of <city w:st="on"><place w:st="on">Rome</place></city> were paid with salt, that’s why the origin of the word salary. Jesus Christ said to his apostles ,VOS ESTIS SALT TERRAE, you are the salt of the Earth, that is giving an idea of the importance of salt in those times.</em></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><em>The are two main sources of salt, the salt obtained by evaporation of lakes ,seas or rivers, like the case on <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>we <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>are involved now, since the salt flats of Imon are fed by river Salado (Salty river); the other source of salt is gem salt or rocky salt which is extracted from mines of a mineral called Halite.</em></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><em>The importance of salt can be seen in the high tax it was charged on. In the ancient world many prisoners of war<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>were forced to work as slaves in the salt mines or in the salt flats, both activities were very hard, in the salt mines due to the fatigue and exhaustion when extracting the mineral and in the salt flats due to the blindness for exposure to the reflection of the sun on the salt.</em></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><em>The salt flats of Imon have been operating for more than 2000 years till they were closed in 2002, the way of producing salt was the same as 2000 years ago. </em></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><br />
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</div></div>Alfonso López Beltránhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18007925292837772910noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5378057826217629755.post-71284380296308996432011-03-12T21:43:00.007+01:002011-12-27T14:40:03.095+01:00Via romana menor de Sigüenza a Tiermes- Minor Roman via from Sigüenza to Tiermes<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br />
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Esta vía partía de Segontia hasta Termantia ,en un principio era un camino militar por donde pasaban las legiones para someter los pueblos arevacos del noreste de la provincia de Guadalajara y sur de Soria..<br />
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El recorrido era el siguiente :<br />
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Sigüenza-Salinas de Imón -Paredes-Atienza-Miedes-Tarancueña-Tiermes<br />
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Muchos restos de esta calzada han sido destruídos, se conservan todavía los siguientes tramos :<br />
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<em>This via departed from Segontia leading to Termantia, at first it was a military track used by the legions to submit the Arevacs of Northeast Guadalajara and South of Soria.</em><br />
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<em>The route was as follows :</em><br />
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<em>Sigüenza-Salinas de Imón -Paredes-Atienza-Miedes-Tarancueña-Tiermes</em><br />
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<em>Many remanings of this via have disappeard , the following stretches are still visible :</em><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Calzada a su paso por Miedes de Atienza<br />
<em>The via passing by Miedes de Atienza</em></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Calzada a su paso por Paredes de Atienza<br />
<em>The via passing by Paredes de Atienza</em></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Bordillo de la calzada en Paredes de Atienza,tapado por la nueva carretera hace 6-7 años<br />
<em>Kerb of the via in Paredes de Atienza, has been hidden by the new road 6-7 years ago</em></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgr28JeoSix40G6TUSXNq2I89JswxyhA1Wdsku38orlCtOtE0AiYevo69f8KjET2CqWTK_59sPpF_9qfsP-SlJTkYLS4QSDicNftsiwpTUZDCk1h0L3cf59HuF4uENdAEhPANYpKw8t786G/s1600/romanillosdeatienza+calzada.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="265" q6="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgr28JeoSix40G6TUSXNq2I89JswxyhA1Wdsku38orlCtOtE0AiYevo69f8KjET2CqWTK_59sPpF_9qfsP-SlJTkYLS4QSDicNftsiwpTUZDCk1h0L3cf59HuF4uENdAEhPANYpKw8t786G/s400/romanillosdeatienza+calzada.jpg" width="400" /></a></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Calzada a su paso por Romanillos de Atienza<br />
<em>The via passing by Romanillos de Atienza</em></td></tr>
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<div class="separator" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; clear: both; text-align: center;"></div></div>Alfonso López Beltránhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18007925292837772910noreply@blogger.com0